Crick and koch vision

Crick and koch vision. New York: Scribner. According to Crick’s analysis, these neurons must: (1) Be central in the connection scheme of the human brain, not too Feb 1, 2003 · This framework offers a coherent scheme for explaining the neural correlates of (visual) consciousness in terms of competing cellular assemblies and outlines some general experimental approaches to the problem. Jan 1, 2014 · Among the different sensory modalities, Crick and Koch choose to focus on vision. His door was always open to graduate students, postdoctoral trainees, faculty who wanted to discuss those problems as many others and we can attest. It could be considered a forward Jul 1, 2001 · Christof Koch and Crick (2001) First, peripheral vision encodes its inputs using a scheme that preserves a great deal of useful information, while losing the information necessary to perform Francis Crick & Christof Koch. Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? Nature 375, 121–123 (1995). REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS Koch (2005) – La consciencia –una aproximación neurobiológica-prologo de Francis Crick -1. 152 doi: 10. The neural basis of very short-term memory especia& needs more exjw%nental study. 2. Here we summarize our present approach to the problem of consciousness. Proposes that neurons in V1 are not the neural correlates of visual consciousness. Jul 1, 2024 · This is to a large extent because of the dominance of visual perception as a “model system” in empirical neuroscientific work on consciousness—a paradigm advocated by Crick himself in the early 1990s (Crick & Koch, 1990). Sep 13, 2019 · PDF | On Sep 13, 2019, Daniel Aaron Pollen and others published U24Part2-Crick-Koch-Pollen Correspondence 1995-2005 Part 2 of 4 | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate For earlier versions of these ideas, see (Crick and Koch, 1998 and Koch and Crick, 2000). Crick and . 1990; 2:263–275. (1990) Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Jun 29, 2005 · vision, to which we have paid special attention, this. In addition to the object feature binding problem, there are other kinds of Aug 29, 2012 · Crick was 40 years older than you. Koch eliminates the retina (Chapter 3); 42 NEURAL SYNCHRONY AND THE UNITY OF VISUAL CONSCIOUSNESS Crick and Koch’s Neurobiological Approach to Unified Visual Consciousness Though Crick and Koch (1990, 1994, 2003) address three vision-related binding problems in their research, they are principally concerned with providing an account of the binding processes that explain the unity Thirty years ago, Francis Crick and Christof Koch made the bold declaration that an understanding of consciousness could be achieved within a neurobiological context (Crick & Koch, 1990). In general, different cortical regions respond to different visual inputs. ” Koch, Christof Crick, Francis, 1916-2004 Seminars in the Neurosciences Publication: The Academic Press, 1990 Language(s): English Format: Text Subject(s): Neurobiology Jul 1, 2017 · As a consequence, binocular rivalry has become a popular tool to investigate visual awareness and consciousness (Crick & Koch, 1998). Crick and Koch (2005) hypothesized that the claustrum is where sensory information is bound, functioning as a generator of the unified perception of a multitude of sensory stimuli in one’s environment (conscious percepts). Koch painandso on. Apr 3, 2008 · Address for correspondence: Christof Koch, Division of Biology and the Division of Engineering and Applied Science, 216-76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125. A-Barcelona. The main purposes of this review are to set out for neuroscientists one possible approach to the problem of consciousness and to describe the relevant ongoing experimental work. 2, 263–275 (1990). 2002; Edelstein (Crick & Koch 2003, Goodale & Milner 1992) X. 5 In the case of visual awareness, this meant Aug 24, 2023 · What clinched the usefulness of visual perception for Crick and Koch was that the final link in that chain — consciousness — could be detached from the rest. Feb 4, 2007 · obviously mainly on vision research, and covers a wealth of empirical data useful to the NCC project. Seminars in the Neurosciences 2:263-275 (1990) A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. Oct 9, 2018 · Modern neuroscience of consciousness has attempted to explain consciousness by focusing on neural correlates of consciousness or NCCs (Crick & Koch 1990; LeDoux, Michel, & Lau 2020; Morales & Lau 2020). Even when Crick and Koch talk about hard neuroscience (cortical connections, neuronal synchrony, driving versus modulating inputs), their words are not confident and conclusive, but uncertain and tentative. The representation of conscious content must be explicit (Crick & Koch 1995, Crick & Koch 1998, Crick & Koch 2005, Fries et al 2008, Haun & Tononi 2019, Lamme & Roelfsema 2000, Singer 1998) X. Do you regard him as your mentor? Koch: Yeah. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. But the neuroanatomy of the macaque monkey Jan 1, 1994 · Francis Crick did much of his work in collaboration with Christof Koch of CalTech. Brief Background on Crick & Koch • Christof Koch neuroscientist & prof. Among neuroscience researchers interested in determining the neural correlates of consciousness, binocular rivalry has been heralded as a gold standard since Crick & Koch’s endorsement of the paradigm . ” Jan 1, 1999 · The Crick–Koch Conjecture. Neuroscientific research on the mammalian visual system revealed that different brain areas are involved in the construction of a visual image. Its anatomy is quite remarkable in that it receives input from almost all regions of cortex and projects back to almost … Jun 6, 2005 · 2. org/10. For instance, an Oct 1, 2016 · Among neuroscience researchers interested in determining the neural correlates of consciousness, binocular rivalry has been heralded as a gold standard since Crick and Koch's endorsement of the paradigm [1]. And one could straightforwardly make and manipulate visual stimuli. It could be considered a forward Sep 7, 2023 · The hypothesis of Crick and Koch (2005) has catalyzed interest in the claustrum in the search for neural correlates of consciousness. Specifically, the neural basis of binocular rivalry is viewed as pertinent to identifying neural correlates of conscious awareness ( Blake, Brascamp, & Heeger, 2014 ) and has been vigorously debated ( Blake and The nature of unconscious information processing is a heavily debated issue in cognitive science (e. Kreiman G, Fried I and Koch C (2002) Single-neuron correlates of subjective vision in the human medial temporal lobe. 1093/cercor/8. 267 No. A rather striking example is the retina. Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Roberts, Denver, CO. Much energy is devoted to arguing which parts of the visual system are not sufficient for conscious perception and so should be ruled out of the NCC for vision. g. The existence of zombie agents highlights the fact that much of what goes on in our heads escapes awareness. As we have seen, consciousness is a process that unfolds along two dimensions (wakefulness and phenomenal contents). C. Crick and Koch use an initialism and an unusual word when they refer to aspects of their work. 30 Altmetric. Metrics. View Article Google Scholar 10. Jul 26, 2016 · A similar rendition of the NCC, again without mentioning Chalmers, can be found in Koch and Koch (2012 p. 3. Tanto Crick como Koch (Crick, 1994; Horgan, 2001) definían la conciencia como la capacidad del cerebro para centrarse en, u ocu-parse de, una serie concreta de fenómenos de entre todos los que afectan la mente. Crick and Koch (1995a) postulated that only those visual areas that project directly to anterior or ‘frontal’ brain regions that ‘contemplate, plan and execute voluntary motor outputs’ can participate directly in visual awareness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Among the different sensory modalities, Crick and Koch choose to focus on vision. —Part the first. In 2005 Crick and Koch suggested that the claustrum might play a key role in information processing in the brain by correlating the separate activity in the different sensory cortices into one coherent activity that “binds” separate sensations into the unitary objects that we experience in consciousness. Nature Neuroscience 6, 119–126 (2003) Cite this article. This is the nature of the beast that all of us have to deal with. These neurons are distributed over large distances (spanning, in humans, many centimetres) that include (for vision) visual cortex at the back of the brain, the frontal eye field and other frontal regions, posterior parietal and inferior temporal cortices, the hippo- Aug 10, 2010 · Arrows indicate the publication of Levelt's [1] thesis and Crick and Koch's [2] article on consciousness and neuroscience. Nature. Because of the age difference, we had sort of an intellectual father-son relationship, and we got along very well. [email protected] Jun 29, 2005 · Crick F. We have summarized theories of consciousness, reviewed the relationship between the claustrum and consciousness, and examined experimental evidence that either supports or contradicts the hypothesis that the The seminal paper of Crick and Koch (2005) proposed that the claustrum, an enigmatic and thin grey matter structure that lies beside the insular cortex, may be involved in the processing of consciousness. Stevens, respectively an early collaborator of Crick's and a long-standing colleague at the Salk Institute, describe the life and work of one of the great thinkers of Apr 1, 2016 · Crick and Koch described how the claustrum might play a role in integrating separate sensations into the unitary percepts that we experience as consciousness [16]. 97 Apr 3, 2014 · Crick and Koch’s Hypothesis. We have not attempted an exhaustive Jun 26, 2023 · The old 40-hertz oscillation hypothesis of Crick and Koch has yielded to a welter of fancier neural-correlate models. Koch, C. Apr 8, 2004 · Nevertheless, Crick and Koch follow Ray Jackendoff in postulating that many aspects of high-level cognitive functions, such as decision-making, planning and creativity, are themselves hidden from Apr 13, 2004 · Dr. The quest for Consciousness (Roberts and Company Publishers, Enlglewood, 2004) May 26, 2014 · Crick and co-author Christoph Koch argued that the claustrum could be a coordinator of cortical function and hence a “conductor of rather than merely some distortions of vision or audition. Neurosci. 1999), from insectivore to man, though its precise shape and some of its connections appear to vary from species to species. , Crick & Koch, 1998). After an introduction outlining our general strategy, we describe what is meant by the term 'framework' and set it out under ten headings. Of course, without the retina, normal vision is not Jul 30, 2004 · Starting in 1984, Crick started working extensively with neuroscientist Christof Koch, and together they co-authored most of Crick's papers associated with neuroscience. Dec 14, 2004 · He started his long-time collaboration with Christof Koch, once a post-doctoral trainee with Poggio, on “The Problem of Consciousness” (Crick and Koch 1990, 1992). With this in mind, Crick asked penetrating questions, rallied researchers around Aug 1, 2015 · A decade ago, interest in this brain region was reignited, largely due to Francis Crick's last paper, co-written with Christof Koch, in which the authors singled out the claustrum as a possible hub in which sensory information is bound and integrated across and within different modalities to form a single, unified conscious experience [2 movement. In a zombie mode, the main flow of information is probably feed-forward. Dec 14, 2004 · Crick FH (1994) The astonishing hypothesis: The scientific search for the soul. Since the 1970s, neuroscientists have known of people with “blindsight” who have no experience of vision because of damage to their brain, yet who can navigate a room without Oct 31, 2019 · The neural correlates of consciousness have been defined as the minimal neural mechanisms that are together necessary and sufficient for experiencing any conscious percept (Crick and Koch, 1990). Wheatstone, C. Koch C and Hepp K (2006) Quantum mechanics and higher brain functions: Lessons from quantum computation and neurobiology. , Crick, F. Traditionally, it has been thought that unconscious cognitive processing is restricted to knowledge that is strongly … Jul 15, 2007 · When presented while the carrier grating was suppressed from vision, Crick, F. Christof Koch, a professor of computation and neural systems at the The neural basis of very short-term memory especia needs more study, and several lines of work are outfits that might advance the understanding of the neural mechanisms involved. In some, the prefrontal cortex is essential to consciousness; others focus on Sep 18, 2017 · Protein synthesis and the sequence hypothesis. These neurons are distributed over large distances (spanning, in humans, many centimetres) that include To Crick and Koch, vision seemed like the natural place to begin: much more was known about the anat-omy and physiology of the visual brain than any other modality. Seminars in the Neurosciences, 2, 263–275. Jun 15, 2010 · 4. The claustrum is present in all mammalian species so far examined (Kowianski et al. Contributions to the physiology of vision. Crick's career has been characterized by celebrated collaborations, and for the past decade he has been working with Dr. Neuroscienti c research on the mammalian visual system revealed that different brain areas are involved in the construction of a visual image. La pregunta es: ¿cómo el cerebro se ocupa o se vuelve F. 14k Accesses. Here we summarize our present approach to Observation of perception related neurons in prefrontal cortex is consistent with the theory of Christof Koch and Francis Crick who postulated that neural correlate of consciousness resides in prefrontal cortex. Aug 2, 2012 · Introduction. 3 ( September 1992 ) , p. (1991) Early vision and focal attention. They later moved away from this view (Crick, F, Koch C (2003) A Oct 1, 2023 · The seminal paper of Crick and Koch (2005) proposed that the claustrum, an enigmatic and thin grey matter structure that lies beside the insular cortex, may be involved in the processing of Mar 1, 1998 · The main purposes of this review are to set out for neuroscientists one possible approach to the problem of consciousness and to describe the relevant ongoing experimental work. Oct 30, 2019 · The neural correlates of consciousness have been defined as the minimal neural mechanisms that are together necessary and sufficient for experiencing any conscious percept (Crick and Koch, 1990). In summary, according to this hypothesis: Feb 24, 2004 · Longtime collaborators Christof Koch and Francis Crick (of DNA helix fame) think that "zombie agents"--that is, routine behaviors that we perform constantly without even thinking--are so much a central facet of human consciousness that they deserve serious scientific attention. International Journal of Computer Vision (2024) Mechanisms of Functioning of the Connectome Including the Neocortex, Hippocampus Mar 1, 2003 · Crick and Koch even held the view that phasesynchronous oscillations are suf4icient for the appearance of visual consciousness. (1990). Weshallassumethatself-conscious-ness, thatis theself-referential aspectofconsciousness, is ARTICLES Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? Francis Crick* & Christof Koch t * The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA t ground material, see the article by Crick and Koch (7) as well as the book by Koch for a general medical and scientific audience (21). Focusing on Vision Crick decided to focus his attention on vision, short-term memory, and iconic memory, which is short-term visual memory. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phenomena of binocular vision. 1998 Constraints on cortical and thalamic projections: the no-strong-loops hypothesis. Proponents of distributed neuronal processing may likely dispute the view that consciousness has a precise localization in the brain. As a result, this otherwise obscure structure has received ever-increasing interest in the sear … Crick and Koch attach much weight to the form vision survives injury to cortical area MT even when the motion signal is lost8• Even when colours appear washed out or A similar rendition of the NCC, again without mentioning Chalmers, can be found in Koch (2004) and Koch (2012 p. [Google Scholar] Wheatstone C. Temporal summation of visual organization of the front of the cortex and 13. Feb 25, 2014 · The late Francis Crick proposed that at any one moment, human subjective consciousness of perceptual contents 1 is brought about by the activity of a limited number (~10 5) of neurons (Crick, 1995; Crick and Koch, 2003). Aside from some early investigations, rivalry alternations were largely treated as a curiosity until, in 1965, W. Semin. a more detailed scheme for the overall 121–123 (1995). The zombie within. 9, 1628–1640 activity in primary visual cortex? Nature 375, (1989). Constraints on cortical motion. Apr 1, 2002 · In 1995, Crick and Koch 13 proposed that a key function of consciousness is to produce the best current interpretation of the visual scene in a compact form and to make this information available Christof Koch (/ k ɒ x / KOKH; [1] born November 13, 1956) is a German-American neurophysiologist and computational neuroscientist best known for his work on the neural basis of consciousness. Edicion –Editorial Ariel, S. 391, 245–250. They present the interesting idea that consciousness arose in order to enhance efficiency. , Cerebral Cortex, Volume 8, Issue 2, 1 March 1998, Pages 97–107, https://doi. 36. The astonishing hypothesis, (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1994) Koch, C. Crick discusses the distinction between automatic preattentive visual processing and the conscious attentive visual processing. 9. stances. Of course, it is unfair to blame Crick and Koch for this. In binocular rivalry, two monocular images are simultaneously presented to a participant whose subjective perceptual experience alternates For the first time, we now have neuroscientific tools that enable initial steps towards rigorous scientific scrutiny of the mechanisms underlying consciousness. Seminars in the Neurosciences. We outfit several lines ofexp~‘~~~ work that might advance the understanding of the neural mechanisms involved. Nature 411 Crick and Koch proposed to find the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) as a first line of attack on the scientific problem of conscious perception (Crick and Koch, 1990). Crick F, Koch C (1990) Some reflections on visual awareness. Its function is enigmatic. He was the president and chief scientist of the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle. 42): “In the early 1990s, Francis Crick and I focused on what we called the neural (or neuronal) correlates of consciousness (NCC). Simpson, W. Seminars in the Neurosciences 2: Julesz, B. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 55: 953–962. 2 We shall consider mainly the cat and primate claustrum (for comprehensive reviews, consult Sherk 1986; Tanné-Gariépy et al. 1038/scientificamerican0992-152 Nov 19, 2013 · Koch C (2004) The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach. & Koch, C. Identifying correlates is an important first step in understanding consciousness, but it is an early step. Experimental approaches to study visual consciousness Jun 22, 2005 · Crick and Koch note that a key feature of our conscious experiences is that all of the components are integrated into a unified whole: how a rose looks, smells and feels are bound together with Vision research 40 (10-12), 1489-1506, 2000. Content-specific NCC are the neural mechanisms specifying particular phenomenal contents within consciousness, such as colors, faces, places, or thoughts. J. Crick F, Koch C (1992) The problem of consciousness. We defined them as the minimal neural mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one specific percept. A. C& Koch C. Are we aware of neural temporal filters. Oct 4, 2017 · The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) are defined as the minimal neural mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one conscious percept (Crick and Koch, 1990). Nov 8, 2017 · Since a seminal paper by Crick and Koch (1998) claimed that a science of consciousness should first search for its neural correlates (NCC), a variety of correlates have been suggested, including both content-specific NCCs, determining particular phenomenal components within an experience, and the full NCC, the neural substrates supporting Jul 30, 2004 · Starting in 1984, Crick started working extensively with neuroscientist Christof Koch, and together they co-authored most of Crick's papers associated with neuroscience. Mar 1, 1998 · F Crick, C Koch; Consciousness and neuroscience. 846 Citations. Only a The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness in Non-Human Animals was publicly proclaimed in Cambridge, UK, on July 7, 2012, at the conclusion of the Conference, at Churchill College, University of Cambridge, by Philip Low, David Edelman and Christof Koch. "Our theory was that consciousness involves specific neurons, firing in a specific way and sitting in a specific part of the brain," Koch told us. Smythies and colleagues [ 13 , 14 , 60 , 61•• ] subsequently presented a more detailed hypothesis about how such temporal integration might occur based on higher-order temporal Sep 18, 2017 · Protein synthesis and the sequence hypothesis. 4275: 2000: Biophysics of computation: information processing in single neurons. Jun 1, 2005 · We have suggested that this takes the form of coalitions of active neurons in cortex, thalamus and closely associated structures whose spiking activity (in some form) has reached a special threshold, and whose interactions tend to support each other (Crick & Koch 2003; Koch 2004). It is usually assumed that people are visually aware of at least some of the neuronal activity in the primary visual area, V1, of the neocortex. CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS Much processing in the normal nervous system, even in the cerebral cortex, is unconscious. This framework offers a coherent scheme for explaining the neural correlates of (visual) … Affiliation 1 Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego. Nature 440: 611-2. M. For example, neurons in Jun 21, 2001 · The best evidence comes from studying dissociation of 'vision for perception' and 'vision for action' in both healthy humans and patients. Wrote, „The Quest for Consciousness” „To understand how consciousness is linked to the brain, how the flickering activity of myriad of nerve cells leads to ineffable experiences, of seeing blue, of being warmed by the sun, or of being scared by exposure on a climb” (Koch Crick, F. Crick and Koch defined the search for the neuronal correlates of consciousness, a minimal set of neuronal processes that can jointly account for the moment-to-moment contents of awareness. The neuroanatomy of the claustrum. They suggested to focus on visual perception due to the rich nature of human visual experience and the comparatively advanced knowledge on the neurobiology of vision. That is, putting individual stimuli together, one is able to recognize an object as a Crick, F. Feb 1, 2003 · Francis Crick & Christof Koch. 317 p. Christof Koch and Francis Crick T o what extent are we conscious of every-thing going on in our brains? Nietzsche ‘vision for action’ in both healthy humans and patients. Crick had been thinking at a very high level about the relation between DNA, RNA, and protein for several years, partly inspired by documents and letters that were exchanged between members of the 20-strong RNA Tie Club, a loose discussion group that included Brenner, Jim Watson, and a host of physicists and mathematicians, led by George Gamow []. Jul 31, 2012 · Crick F. , Kouider & Dehaene, 2007), and neuroscience (e. As a result, this otherwise obscure structure has received ever-increasing interest in the search for neural correlates of consciousness. Aug 18, 2004 · Alexander Rich and Charles F. Abstract. Crick’s closest colleague on the quest for consciousness was neuroscientist Christof Koch, then at the California Institute of Technology, with whom he published a series of papers that explored the neural correlates of consciousness (ncc; the brain structures and neural activities responsible for generating states of conscious awareness). C Koch. (1838). After an introduction outlining our general strategy, we describe what is meant by the term 'framework' and set Oct 1, 2023 · The seminal paper of Crick and Koch (2005) proposed that the claustrum, an enigmatic and thin grey matter structure that lies beside the insular cortex, may be involved in the processing of consciousness. Levelt's doctoral research [1] brought a quantitative rigour to study of the phenomenon. Yet, the connection between consciousness science and other subdisciplines of cognitive neuroscience has been unfairly May 2, 2018 · Crick and Koch (C & K) provide some background information about why we are conscious and then go on to discuss their approach to studying the neuronal correlate of consciousness (NCC). tend to support each other (Crick & Koch 2003; Koch 2004). May 11, 1995 · Crick, F. Apr 20, 2016 · Crick, F. Jun 29, 2005 · The claustrum is a thin, irregular, sheet-like neuronal structure hidden beneath the inner surface of the neocortex in the general region of the insula. of biology & engineering at CalTech. Nov 17, 2002 · His gait is slower now, his voice no longer quite as resonant as the one that used to dominate conversation in sitting rooms around Cambridge, England, in the 1950s, proclaiming his colleagues Koch, con el que empezó a colaborar desde 1990. (Crick & Koch 2003; Koch 2004). This chapter outlines some of the present ideas about consciousness in general and visual consciousness in particular and assumes that higher mammals, such as rodents or primates, share certain forms of sensory consciousness with humans, even though these Since appraising Crick and Koch's approach to the object feature binding problem is the central focus of the paper, I will mention only briefly in this context a few other vision-related binding problems. In binocular rivalry, two monocular images are simultaneously presented to a participant whose subjective perceptual experience alternates Crick and Koch therefore developed a theory according to which the key to conscious perception lies not solely in the synchronization of neuronal activity, but in the synchronization of neuronal activity oscillating at frequencies in the range of 35 to 75 Hz. ” (Crick & Koch) Beyond Vision: “Global workspace theory” (Baars; Dehaene; Nieder) momentarily active, subjectively experienced event in working memory (also like selective attention), “a global network of neurons that are coherently active or not active”- “ignition” Neuroscience of Consciousness Sep 1, 1992 · More by Francis Crick This article was originally published with the title “ The Problem of Consciousness ” in Scientific American Magazine Vol. , Koch C. Crick, F. ~workin~ ~~~. Oct 22, 2023 · When Crick and Koch published their landmark paper “Towards a Neurobiological Theory of Consciousness” in 1990, their aim was to place consciousness—for 2,000 years the stomping ground of stances. 4. John S. Werner is Distinguished Professor in the Departments of Ophthalmology and Vision Science and Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior at the University of How should consciousness be approached in a scientific manner, and why, according to Crick and Koch? Briefly identify the way Crick and Koch identify consciousness, then what they suggest it is better for scientists to do when thinking about it, and why. Crossref, PubMed, Web of Science, May 11, 1995 · The neuroanatomy of the macaque monkey suggests that, although primates may be aware of neural activity in other visual cortical areas, they are not directly aware of that in area V1 of the neocortex. . Pero, en definitiva, la hipótesis sorprendente o revolucionaria de Crick no parece ir más allá de una repetición de los principios del emergentismo. The conscious mode for vision depends largely on the early visual areas (beyond V1) and especially on the ventral stream. J. F Crick, C Koch. Fax: +1-626-796-8876. There are no recorded cases of purely parietal damage which led to a complete loss of conscious vision. ; PMID: 1502517 DOI: 10. dcxsapt qetuiil hiere wbp yjksfu utddzy gefh tsb tqwwxea ebx